Ceramic Glazes: Enhancing Art & Food Safety

The realm of ceramic art frequently employs glazes to enhance both the aesthetics and functionality of ceramic ware. These glazes, when formulated appropriately, render the ceramic surfaces impervious and, crucially, food-safe. Choosing the right type of paint for ceramics guarantees that the finished pieces remain non-toxic.

Unleash Your Inner Artist: A Whimsical Journey into Ceramic Paints

Ever felt the urge to transform a plain, old ceramic piece into a vibrant masterpiece? Well, buckle up, buttercup, because you’re about to dive headfirst into the dazzling universe of ceramic paints! From adorning your kitchen with hand-painted mugs to crafting quirky ceramic art, the possibilities are as limitless as your imagination. Ceramic painting isn’t just a hobby; it’s a full-blown artistic adventure waiting to happen!

Why the Right Paint Matters: A Colorful Conundrum

Now, before you grab the first paint bottle you see, let’s chat about why choosing the right paint is as crucial as having a good sense of humor (and trust me, you’ll need both when dealing with art projects!). Not all paints are created equal, especially when it comes to ceramics. We’re talking about paints that can withstand high temperatures, adhere like glue, and, most importantly, won’t turn your creations into toxic time bombs. So, let’s make sure we pick high-quality, safe paints that will make your projects shine without compromising your health or the planet.

A Sneak Peek at Our Colorful Cast of Characters

Hold your horses; we’re not jumping into techniques just yet! Before we get our hands dirty, let’s introduce the stars of our show: the various types of ceramic paints. From the classic ceramic paints and glazes that give your pieces that oh-so-smooth finish, to the sneaky underglazes that work their magic beneath the surface, and the overglazes adding vibrant pops of color on top. We’ll even tip our hats to the versatile enamel and acrylic paints that bring their unique flair to the ceramic party. Each one has its own personality, strengths, and quirks. By the end of this, you’ll know them like the back of your hand!

The Firing Line: A Crucial Step in the Ceramic Dance

Last but not least, let’s quickly touch on the fiery beast that can make or break your ceramic dreams: the firing process. Think of it as the ultimate test of endurance for your paints. Understanding how temperature affects your colors and finishes is like knowing the secret ingredient to a perfect recipe. So, keep this in mind as we explore the colorful world of ceramic paints. Understanding firing process is important for achieving durable results.

Understanding Ceramic Paint Types: Your Colorful Toolkit

So, you’re ready to dive into the vibrant world of ceramic painting? Awesome! But before you unleash your inner Picasso on that unsuspecting mug, let’s get acquainted with your palette. Think of ceramic paints as different brushes in your creative arsenal—each with its own superpowers and quirks. This section is your comprehensive guide to navigating the colorful cosmos of ceramic paints. We’re talking about the MVPs—the high-scoring paints that are both safe and utterly fantastic to work with.

What are Ceramic Paints?

Let’s kick things off with the basics: ceramic paints. Simply put, these are paints specifically formulated to adhere to ceramic surfaces and withstand the fiery baptism of a kiln. They’re like the chameleons of the art world, adapting beautifully to everything from functional ware (think plates and cups) to decorative masterpieces. One of their main advantages? They’re designed to fuse with the ceramic during firing, creating a durable and lasting finish.

Glazes: The Glassy Finish

Ah, glazes – the rockstars of the ceramic world! These are not just paints; they’re a special coating that melts into a glass-like surface during firing. They’re what give your pottery that smooth, shiny, and sometimes even mesmerizing finish. Glazes are applied after the initial bisque firing, and they require a second firing at a higher temperature. Think of them as the topcoat that not only makes your piece look amazing but also seals it, making it waterproof and food-safe (if you choose the right kind, more on that later!).

There’s a whole universe of glazes out there, from glossy and transparent to matte and opaque, and even those with glittery or textured effects. Some quality glaze brands to keep an eye on include Amaco, Mayco, and Speedball.

Underglazes: Your Secret Design Weapon

Underglazes are your secret weapon for adding intricate designs and details to your ceramic pieces. As the name suggests, these paints are applied underneath the glaze. This allows you to create layered effects and protects your delicate artwork during the firing process. They’re fantastic for detailed line work, shading, and creating patterns that won’t run or blur during firing. Plus, they often come in a wide range of colors, allowing for tons of creative possibilities.

Overglazes: The Finishing Touch

Overglazes, on the other hand, are applied over a fired glaze. These are perfect for adding delicate details, gold accents, or that final pop of color. Because they’re applied last, they usually require a lower firing temperature than regular glazes. They’re like the jewelry of your ceramic piece – adding that final touch of sparkle and personality.

Enamel Paints: Hard and Glossy

Enamel paints are known for their hard, glossy finish. They’re incredibly durable and are often used on items that need to withstand a lot of wear and tear.

Acrylic Paints (for Ceramics): A Different Breed

Now, let’s talk about acrylic paints designed specifically for ceramic surfaces. These are a bit different because they don’t require firing. They’re a fantastic option for projects where you want to add color and detail without the fuss of a kiln. However, it’s important to note that acrylic paints won’t be as durable or waterproof as fired glazes. Think of them as a good option for decorative pieces that won’t be exposed to a lot of moisture or handling.

Safety First: Lead-Free and Cadmium-Free Paints

Okay, let’s get serious for a moment. When it comes to ceramic paints, safety is paramount. You absolutely must use lead-free and cadmium-free paints. These nasty chemicals can leach into food and drinks, posing a serious health risk. Look for paints that comply with Proposition 65 (a California law that requires warnings about products containing chemicals known to cause cancer or reproductive harm) and other relevant safety regulations.

Food Safety Compliance: Eat With Confidence

If you’re planning on creating pieces that will come into contact with food (like plates, mugs, or bowls), you must use paints and glazes that are certified food-safe. This means they’ve been tested and approved to be free of harmful substances that could leach into your food. Look for paints that comply with FDA regulations and have a food-safe certification.

So, there you have it – your crash course in ceramic paint types! Now that you’re armed with this knowledge, you’re ready to choose the right paints for your project and unleash your inner artist. Happy painting!

Deconstructing Ceramic Paints: What Makes ‘Em Tick?

Alright, let’s get down to the nitty-gritty. Ever wondered what’s really inside that jar of ceramic paint that transforms a dull bisque into a dazzling masterpiece? It’s not just magic (though, let’s be honest, it feels like it sometimes!). It’s a carefully concocted blend of ingredients, each playing a crucial role in the final look and feel of your ceramic creation. Think of it like baking a cake – you need the right flour, the right sugar, and a pinch of something special to make it perfect.

Pigments: The Color Crew

First up, we’ve got the pigments – the rockstars of the paint world! These are the guys responsible for all the vibrant hues you see. We’re not just talking about simple coloring here. These pigments are finely ground powders that can be derived from various sources. Think oxides – like iron oxide for rusty reds and browns, or cobalt oxide for those gorgeous blues. Then there are stains, which are pre-reacted combinations of different oxides to achieve specific, consistent colors. The type of pigment you choose dramatically impacts the paint’s vibrancy and, importantly, its durability. Some pigments can withstand higher firing temperatures better than others, so choosing wisely is key to a long-lasting, brilliant finish.

Binders: The Glue That Holds It All Together

Next, we have the binders. Imagine trying to paint with just loose pigment powder – disaster! Binders are the “glue” that holds those pigments together and, more importantly, adhere the paint to the ceramic surface. They create a film that encapsulates the pigment particles, allowing them to stick to the bisque. Binders come in various forms, from clay-based (common in underglazes) to gum solutions. The choice of binder influences things like how easily the paint brushes on, how well it dries, and how it interacts with the glaze during firing.

Solvents/Vehicles: The Consistency Controllers

Then come the solvents or vehicles. These guys are all about consistency. They’re the liquid component that disperses the pigments and binders, creating a paintable mixture. Think of them as the water in your cake batter. They affect everything from how the paint flows off your brush to how quickly it dries. Common solvents include water (for water-based paints), but also mineral spirits or alcohol in some specialized formulations.

Additives: The Secret Sauce

Last, but definitely not least, are the additives. These are the secret weapons that fine-tune the paint’s performance. They’re the small percentages of different chemicals that change various paint properties. Want a glossy finish? There’s an additive for that! Need the paint to flow more smoothly? Yep, there’s an additive for that too. Additives can influence things like gloss, flow, drying time, and even the paint’s resistance to settling. They are the unsung heroes of ceramic paint, working behind the scenes to give you the best possible results.

Prioritizing Safety: Handling Ceramic Paints Responsibly

Okay, folks, let’s talk safety. I know, I know, it’s not as glamorous as choosing that perfect shade of turquoise, but trust me, a little safety knowledge goes a long way in ensuring your ceramic adventures don’t turn into a science experiment gone wrong. We’re diving into the nitty-gritty of keeping yourselves, your loved ones, and even your furry friends safe when working with these potentially tricky substances. After all, who wants a side of heavy metal poisoning with their morning coffee? No one, that’s who!

Toxicity Levels and Heavy Metal Content

Ever heard of lead or cadmium? They sound like characters from a sci-fi novel, but they’re actually heavy metals that can sometimes sneak into ceramic pigments. Now, before you chuck all your paints in the bin, it’s important to know that many modern ceramic paints are formulated to be safe, but it always pays to be informed. We’ll break down which pigments might raise an eyebrow, what levels are considered concerning, and, most importantly, how to handle them safely. Think of it as becoming a detective, but instead of solving crimes, you’re solving safety mysteries!

Safe Handling and Disposal

Alright, so you’re armed with knowledge about potential hazards. Now what? Time for our superhero training montage! We’re talking gloves, people – the trusty sidekick in our quest for safety. And masks – because breathing in pigment dust is not a fun party trick. And don’t forget eye protection! Think stylish lab goggles! We’ll cover the best practices for keeping your workspace well-ventilated (open a window, maybe put on some tunes, make it a ventilation party!), plus the proper way to dispose of leftover paint and contaminated materials. Treat those materials like the kryptonite they are!

Food Contact Surfaces

Planning on creating adorable mugs or quirky plates? Awesome! But let’s make sure they’re safe for sipping and snacking. We’ll zoom in on the specific paints that are formulated for food contact, what certifications to look for, and why you should never, ever use just any old paint on something you’re going to eat or drink from. Food safety is king!

Leaching

Leaching sounds like something you’d find in a jungle. But in the world of ceramics, it’s a process where potentially harmful substances migrate from the paint into food or liquid that comes into contact with it. Think of it as tiny escape artists making a break for freedom. We’ll break down how this happens, what factors increase the risk (like using the wrong type of paint or improper firing), and, most importantly, how to minimize leaching to keep your creations safe and sound.

Ceramic Types, Firing Processes, and Temperature Control: It’s All About the Heat!

Alright, let’s talk about the fiery heart of ceramic painting: the kiln! It’s not just a big oven; it’s a magical box where clay transforms into something beautiful and durable. But before we toss our painted masterpieces in, let’s get cozy with the different types of ceramics and how they like to be fired. Think of it like knowing your dinner guests – you wouldn’t serve a vegan steak, would you?

Know Your Ceramics: Earthenware, Stoneware, and Porcelain

Imagine these three as siblings, each with their own quirks!

• Earthenware: The chill, laid-back sibling. It’s fired at lower temperatures, making it porous and often used for things like terracotta pots or decorative items. Earthenware is great for vibrant colors because lower firing temperatures mean the pigments don’t burn out as easily. But be warned: it’s not the strongest or most waterproof, so keep it away from dishwashers!
• Stoneware: The sturdy, reliable one. It’s fired at higher temperatures than earthenware, making it much stronger and more durable. Think plates, mugs, and all those things you use every day. Stoneware is a solid all-rounder, and most ceramic paints work well with it.
• Porcelain: The elegant, fancy sibling. This one is fired at the highest temperatures, resulting in a super strong, translucent, and non-porous material. Think delicate teacups and fancy vases. Porcelain demands the best and most heat-resistant paints. It’s a bit of a diva, but the results are stunning!

Bisque Firing and Glaze Firing: The Two-Step Tango

Firing ceramics isn’t a one-and-done deal; it’s more like a two-step tango:

• Bisque Firing: This is the first dance. The raw clay is fired to a point where it becomes hard but is still porous enough to accept glazes or paints. It’s like giving the clay a good base tan before hitting the beach!
• Glaze Firing: The grand finale! After you’ve painted your bisque-fired piece, it goes back into the kiln for its final firing. This high-temperature process melts the glaze, creating that glossy, durable finish. This is where the magic happens, transforming your painted design into a permanent work of art.

Temperature Control: The Key to a Perfect Bake

Imagine baking a cake: too hot, and it’s burnt; too cold, and it’s a gooey mess. The same goes for firing ceramics! Precise temperature control is crucial for achieving the desired outcome. Kilns use cones (little ceramic pyramids) that melt at specific temperatures, giving you a visual cue of when your piece is properly fired. It’s like having a tiny, meltable temperature gauge!

Vitrification: Turning to Glass

Vitrification is a fancy word for what happens when ceramics are fired at high temperatures: the clay particles start to melt and fuse together, creating a dense, glass-like material. This is what makes your ceramics durable, water-resistant, and ready to take on the world (or at least a dishwasher cycle!). Vitrification is especially important for functional ware like mugs and plates, ensuring they can hold liquids without leaking or cracking.

Application Techniques and Best Practices: Get Your Ceramic On!

Alright, you’ve chosen your paints, you know all about safety (good job!), and now it’s time to actually get that paint on the ceramic. But hold your horses! Slapping paint on haphazardly is a recipe for disaster (think drips, uneven coverage, and general sadness). Let’s dive into some techniques to make your ceramic masterpieces shine!

Various Application Techniques: Choosing Your Weapon

• Brushing: Ah, the classic! Brushing is great for detail work, controlled coverage, and creating texture.

  • Pros: Precision, accessibility (everyone has a brush!), good for blending.
  • Cons: Can leave brushstrokes (unless that’s your jam!), requires a steady hand.
  • Tip: Use soft, high-quality brushes to minimize streaks. Multiple thin layers are better than one thick, gloopy one.

• Dipping: Perfect for covering large areas quickly and achieving a uniform coating. Think of it as a ceramic spa day.

  • Pros: Even coverage, fast application, great for base coats.
  • Cons: Requires a large container of paint, can be wasteful if not managed well, tricky with complex shapes.
  • Tip: Ensure the piece is clean and dry. Slowly submerge and remove the piece to prevent air bubbles.

• Spraying: Think airbrushing or using a spray gun. Ideal for smooth, even finishes and creating gradients.

  • Pros: Incredibly smooth finish, excellent for blending colors, professional-looking results.
  • Cons: Requires specialized equipment (airbrush, spray gun, compressor), can be messy, proper ventilation is crucial.
  • Tip: Practice on scrap pieces first! Thin your paints appropriately for your sprayer.

• Sponge Painting: For when you want texture, depth, and a more organic feel. Great for mimicking natural surfaces or creating abstract patterns.

  • Pros: Easy to create unique textures, forgiving (mistakes are part of the charm!), fun and accessible.
  • Cons: Can be uneven if not done carefully, may require multiple layers to achieve desired coverage.
  • Tip: Experiment with different types of sponges (natural sea sponges, synthetic sponges) for varied effects. Dab, don’t wipe!

• Stenciling: Ideal for creating precise designs, repeating patterns, or adding lettering.

  • Pros: Clean, crisp lines, repeatable designs, good for both simple and complex imagery.
  • Cons: Requires stencils (either store-bought or homemade), paint can bleed under the stencil if not applied carefully.
  • Tip: Secure the stencil firmly to the ceramic surface. Use a stencil brush or sponge and apply paint in thin layers to prevent bleeding.

Surface Preparation: Cleanliness is Next to Godliness (and Great Paint Adhesion)

Don’t skip this step! A clean surface is essential for optimal paint adhesion.

• Cleaning: Remove any dust, dirt, oils, or fingerprints with a mild detergent and water. Rinse thoroughly and allow to dry completely.
• Priming (Optional): A primer can help create a more uniform surface and improve paint adhesion, especially on porous ceramics. Choose a primer specifically designed for ceramics.

Curing: Patience, Young Padawan!

Curing is the drying and hardening process. Don’t rush it!

• Air Drying: Allow the painted piece to air dry completely before firing. The drying time will vary depending on the paint type, humidity, and thickness of the paint layers.
• Low-Temperature Baking (for Acrylics): Some acrylic paints designed for ceramics can be cured in a low-temperature oven. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions carefully. This isn’t the same as firing in a kiln!
• Consequences of Rushing: Cracking, peeling, and uneven firing are all potential pitfalls of impatience.

Firing Schedule: The Grand Finale!

This is where the magic really happens! The firing schedule dictates how the temperature rises and falls in the kiln, and it’s crucial for achieving the desired results.

• Understanding Cone Numbers: Cones are heat-sensitive indicators that melt and bend at specific temperatures, signaling when the kiln has reached the desired heat. Learn about cone numbers and their corresponding temperatures for your chosen paints and ceramic type.
• Ramp Up: The rate at which the temperature increases in the kiln. A slow ramp-up helps prevent cracking and ensures even heating.
• Soak: Maintaining the peak temperature for a specific period. This allows the glaze or paint to fully mature.
• Cool Down: The rate at which the temperature decreases. A slow cool-down is just as important as a slow ramp-up to prevent thermal shock.
• Consult Your Paint Manufacturer: The manufacturer’s instructions are your bible. Follow their recommended firing schedule for best results. Different paints and glazes have different temperature requirements.
• Record Keeping: Keep a detailed record of your firing schedules and results. This will help you troubleshoot problems and refine your techniques over time.

There you have it! With a little practice and patience, you’ll be a ceramic painting pro in no time. Now go forth and create!

Achieving Durability: Making Your Ceramic Creations Last

Okay, so you’ve poured your heart and soul into painting that amazing ceramic piece. Now, the big question: how do you make sure it can handle life’s little (and not-so-little) bumps and splashes? Let’s dive into what makes ceramic paint truly durable.

Key Properties: The Pillars of Longevity

Think of these as the superpowers your ceramic paint needs. We’re talking about:

• Washability: Can you actually clean your masterpiece without the paint fading or washing away? Crucial if you’re making something like a mug or a plate!
• Scratch Resistance: No one wants a beautifully painted bowl that looks like a cat used it as a scratching post after only a few uses. This is especially important for pieces handled often.
• Chip Resistance: Imagine dropping your lovingly painted vase and…gasp…no chips! A dream, right? Achieving chip resistance is key for items prone to accidental bumps.
• Heat Resistance: Planning on making oven-safe dishes? Heat resistance is non-negotiable. You don’t want your artwork melting in the oven.
• Chemical Resistance: Think about it—your painted creation might come into contact with various cleaning products or even acidic foods. You need paint that can hold its own!
• Overall Durability: This is the big one. It’s the culmination of all the other properties. Basically, you want your paint to stay put and look good for a long, long time.

Waterproof Properties: Sealing the Deal

Ever tried to drink out of a beautifully painted mug, only to find the paint bubbling and peeling after the first wash? Yikes! That’s where waterproof finishes come to the rescue. For items that will encounter liquids, achieving a waterproof seal is paramount.

• How to Get There: This often involves using the right type of glaze, applying it correctly, and ensuring a proper firing process. Look for glazes specifically labeled as waterproof or food-safe if your piece will be in contact with food or drinks. For non-fired paint, use a waterproof sealant.
• Why It Matters: Beyond just aesthetics, waterproof properties prevent water from seeping into the ceramic, which can lead to cracking, mold growth, or even the paint flaking off. Nobody wants that. Plus, for functional pieces like planters or bathroom accessories, water resistance is an absolute must.

Troubleshooting Glaze Defects: Identifying and Addressing Issues

Ever had that sinking feeling when you open your kiln and your beautiful creation looks…less than perfect? Don’t worry, it happens to the best of us! Glaze defects are a part of the ceramic journey, but understanding what they are and how to fix them can save you a lot of heartache (and wasted clay!). So, let’s dive into two of the most common culprits: crazing and crawling. Think of them as the *uninvited guests to your ceramic party.*

Crazing: The Cracks in the Story

Crazing is that network of fine cracks that can appear on the glaze surface after firing. It looks like a spiderweb has taken up residence on your pottery. While some artists might embrace it for a rustic look (and sometimes it is even intentional!), crazing can weaken your piece and, worst of all, make it unsuitable for food use due to potential bacterial growth in those tiny cracks.

• Causes: Crazing typically happens because the glaze shrinks more than the clay body during cooling. Think of it like wearing a shirt that’s a size too small – something’s gotta give!

• Preventative Measures:

  • Glaze Compatibility: Make sure your glaze and clay body are a good match. It’s like dating – they need to be compatible! Use glazes specifically designed for the clay body you are working with. A glaze formulated for earthenware is almost guaranteed to craze on stoneware and vice versa.
  • Clay Selection: Using a clay body with higher silica content can help reduce crazing.
  • Glaze Adjustment: Talk to your supplier (or dive into some serious glaze chemistry) about adjusting the glaze recipe to reduce its shrinkage. This might involve adding silica or other materials.
  • Slower Cooling: Reduce the kiln cooling rate (i.e turn off the kiln and leave the door shut until it is completely cooled.)

Crawling: The Glaze That Ran Away

Crawling is when the glaze pulls away from areas of the ceramic surface during firing, leaving bare patches. It can look like the glaze is “crawling” away.

• Causes:

  • Dust and Oil: The most common cause is applying glaze to a dirty or oily surface. Even fingerprints can cause crawling!
  • Thick Application: Applying the glaze too thickly can cause it to crack during drying and then crawl during firing. It’s tempting to slather it on, but resist!
  • Glaze Composition: Some glazes are just more prone to crawling than others, especially those with high surface tension or insufficient binder.
  • Underfiring: Is the kiln hot enough, or are you taking it out early?

• Preventative Measures:

  • Surface Preparation is key: Thoroughly clean the bisque-fired piece with a damp sponge to remove dust and oils before glazing.
  • Thin, Even Coats: Apply the glaze in thin, even layers. Multiple thin coats are better than one thick coat.
  • Glaze Additives: Consider adding a small amount of gum (like CMC gum) to your glaze to improve its adhesion and reduce crawling.
  • Bisque Firing: Make sure your bisque firing is thorough, as under-fired bisque can also cause crawling.
  • Flocculant Some glazes can become hardpan at the bottom of the bucket. To prevent this, add a flocculant such as Epsom salts or vinegar.
  • Calcined Materials: If crawling is still a problem, try calcining materials such as kaolin.
    By understanding these common glaze defects and taking preventative measures, you’ll be well on your way to producing flawless, beautiful ceramics! Happy firing!

Resources and Suppliers: Your Treasure Map to Ceramic Painting Gold

Alright, future ceramic superstars! You’ve got the knowledge, you’re brimming with ideas, but where do you actually get your hands on the magic stuff? Don’t worry, I’m not going to leave you stranded. This section is your trusty treasure map to finding the best ceramic paints, supplies, and even the fiery heart of it all – the kiln!

Reputable Paint Manufacturers: Trustworthy Titans of Tint

Let’s face it, not all ceramic paints are created equal. You want vibrant colors that stay vibrant, paints that are safe to use, and that don’t explode in the kiln (trust me, nobody wants that kind of surprise). So, who can you trust? Look for brands that have a long-standing reputation in the ceramic world. Read reviews, ask around in online forums or local pottery groups, and see what the pros are using.

Think of these manufacturers as the guardians of quality, ensuring that their paints are thoroughly tested and meet the highest standards.

Art and Ceramic Supply Stores: Your Local Hub of Creative Goodness

Ah, the wonderland that is the art supply store. But where to go? Start by checking out local art supply stores; many carry a decent range of ceramic paints, glazes, and tools. Ceramic-specific supply stores are even better, as they cater directly to potters and ceramic artists, often carrying a wider selection and offering expert advice.

Don’t underestimate the power of the internet! Online retailers offer a vast selection, competitive prices, and the convenience of shopping from your pajamas. Just be sure to check return policies and read reviews before you click “add to cart.”

Kilns and Cones: Taming the Fire-Breathing Beast

Okay, so you’ve got your clay, your paints, and your brushes. Now, how are you going to transform your masterpiece from a fragile lump of earth into a durable, glazed creation? That, my friends, is where the kiln comes in. There are several types of kilns, from electric to gas-fired, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Electric kilns are generally easier to operate and are great for smaller studios, while gas kilns can offer more control over the atmosphere inside the kiln.

Kiln cones, also known as pyrometric cones, are essential for monitoring the firing process. These little pyramids of ceramic material are designed to bend and melt at specific temperatures, providing a visual indication of when the kiln has reached the desired heat. They’re like the kiln’s temperature gauges, ensuring you don’t under-fire or over-fire your precious creations.

So, there you have it! Painting your own ceramics can be a really fun and rewarding experience. Just make sure to choose the right paints and sealants if you plan on using your creations for food. Happy painting!