How Much Does a Hamster Weigh? Breed Guide

Understanding how much does a hamster weigh is crucial for responsible pet ownership, as a hamster’s weight can be a key indicator of its overall health. Different hamster breeds, such as the Syrian hamster originating from regions like Syria, have distinct average weights; for example, a healthy Syrian hamster typically weighs between 120 to 150 grams. Utilizing tools such as a kitchen scale can assist owners in accurately monitoring their hamster’s weight, helping them detect potential health issues early and adjust their hamster’s diet accordingly. This guide is designed to provide a detailed overview of the expected weight ranges for various hamster breeds.

The Crucial Connection: Why Your Hamster’s Weight Matters

Hamsters, those tiny bundles of energy and charm, depend entirely on us for their well-being. Often, in our affection for these pocket-sized companions, we can overlook a critical aspect of their care: maintaining a healthy weight.

It’s easy to think that a little extra food, a few more treats, won’t make a difference. However, just like with humans, weight plays a pivotal role in your hamster’s overall health and longevity. Ignoring this can inadvertently set them on a path towards serious health issues.

The Ripple Effect of Weight on Hamster Health

A hamster’s weight isn’t just a number; it’s a critical indicator of their overall health. An unhealthy weight, whether it’s being overweight or underweight, can trigger a cascade of problems.

Overweight hamsters are at a heightened risk for developing conditions like diabetes, heart disease, and joint problems. These conditions can significantly shorten their lifespan and diminish their quality of life.

Conversely, underweight hamsters may suffer from malnutrition, a weakened immune system, and organ damage. This leaves them vulnerable to infections and can impede their ability to thrive.

Unpacking the Factors Influencing Hamster Weight

Several elements influence a hamster’s weight, making it a multifaceted issue that demands careful consideration. These include:

• Breed: Different breeds have different size and weight standards. A Syrian hamster will naturally be larger than a Roborovski.

• Age: A hamster’s weight will fluctuate throughout its lifespan. Young hamsters will gain weight as they grow. Older hamsters may lose weight due to age-related factors.

• Diet: The quality and quantity of food directly impacts a hamster’s weight. A diet high in sugary treats and lacking essential nutrients can lead to obesity.

• Health: Underlying health issues can significantly affect weight. Parasites, tumors, and other illnesses can cause weight loss, while certain hormonal imbalances might lead to weight gain.

Proactive Healthcare: The Power of Weight Monitoring

Regularly monitoring your hamster’s weight is essential for proactive healthcare. It allows you to identify potential problems early on, when they’re often easier to address.

Think of it as a crucial part of your hamster’s overall wellness routine. By tracking your hamster’s weight, you establish a baseline and become more attuned to any deviations from the norm.

This early detection can be life-saving, enabling you to seek veterinary care promptly and make necessary adjustments to their diet or lifestyle. It’s a small act that speaks volumes about your commitment to your hamster’s well-being.

Hamster Breed Weight Standards: A Comprehensive Guide

Navigating the world of hamster care can feel like traversing a miniature jungle. With so many breeds, each boasting unique characteristics, understanding what constitutes a "healthy" weight for your furry friend can be surprisingly complex. Let’s unravel this mystery and provide a practical guide to hamster weight standards.

Decoding Breed-Specific Weight Ranges

The first step in assessing your hamster’s weight is to identify its breed. Different breeds have vastly different size and weight expectations. Let’s examine some of the most common:

Syrian Hamster (Golden Hamster): The Gentle Giant

The Syrian hamster, also known as the Golden Hamster, is the largest of the domesticated hamster breeds.

Typically, a healthy adult Syrian hamster will weigh between 120 to 200 grams (4.2 to 7 ounces).

Males tend to be slightly larger than females.

However, individual variation exists, and some Syrians may fall slightly outside this range without necessarily indicating a health problem.

Dwarf Hamsters: A Spectrum of Sizes

The term "Dwarf Hamster" encompasses several smaller breeds. It’s essential to recognize that size variations are more pronounced within this category.

Generalizing about dwarf hamster weight can be misleading, so we’ll address each breed individually.

Roborovski Hamster (Robo Hamster): The Tiny Speedsters

Roborovski hamsters are the smallest and arguably the most active of the domesticated breeds.

They typically weigh between 20 to 25 grams (0.7 to 0.9 ounces).

Their petite size and incredible agility make them fascinating to watch, but it also means subtle weight changes can be harder to detect.

Campbell’s Dwarf Hamster: Managing Prone Diabetes

Campbell’s Dwarf hamsters usually weigh between 30 to 50 grams (1 to 1.8 ounces).

However, keep a close eye on their weight.

This breed is particularly prone to diabetes. Drastic weight changes can be an early indicator of this.

Winter White Dwarf Hamster (Djungarian Hamster): Seasonal Changes

Winter White Dwarf hamsters, also known as Djungarian hamsters, typically weigh between 35 to 55 grams (1.2 to 1.9 ounces).

Interestingly, some Winter Whites may experience slight weight fluctuations depending on the season, mimicking their natural adaptations in the wild.

Chinese Hamster: The Elongated Exception

Chinese hamsters have a more elongated body shape compared to other dwarf hamsters.

They generally weigh between 35 to 45 grams (1.2 to 1.6 ounces).

Their distinctive appearance, combined with their weight range, helps differentiate them from other breeds.

Acceptable Variations and Individual Differences

While these weight ranges provide valuable guidance, remember that they are general benchmarks.

Individual hamsters may deviate slightly due to genetics, age, and overall health.

Focus on monitoring trends rather than fixating on a single weight measurement.

A sudden or significant weight change – whether gain or loss – warrants closer attention and potentially a visit to the vet.

A Word of Caution: These Are Just Guidelines

It’s crucial to understand that these weight standards are not absolute rules. They are intended as a starting point for assessing your hamster’s health.

Always consider your hamster’s overall condition, behavior, and appearance alongside its weight. If you have any concerns, consult with a veterinarian experienced in treating small animals.

A vet will be able to determine the best course of action for your pet.

Weighing Your Hamster: A Step-by-Step Guide

Regularly monitoring your hamster’s weight is a simple yet profoundly effective way to stay ahead of potential health issues. Think of it as preventative medicine, but instead of pills or potions, you’re armed with a kitchen scale and a little patience.

Here’s how to confidently and calmly track your hamster’s weight.

Preparing for Weigh-In: Gathering Your Supplies

You don’t need fancy equipment to accurately weigh your hamster. A standard kitchen scale (digital is preferable for precision) will do just fine.

The key is to also grab a small, escape-proof container. Think a Tupperware container or a small, sturdy bowl. Something your hamster can comfortably sit in without feeling overly cramped or stressed.

Here’s what you’ll need:

• Kitchen scale (digital preferred).
• A small, escape-proof container.
• Treats (optional, but highly recommended).
• Notebook or app for recording weights.

The Step-by-Step Weighing Process: Keeping it Calm and Collected

The goal is to make this process as stress-free as possible for your little buddy.

Sudden movements and loud noises can easily scare a hamster, so approach the task with a gentle demeanor.

Follow these steps for a smooth weighing session:

1. Tare the Scale: Place the empty container on the scale before turning it on or before adding your hamster.
   This sets the scale to zero, ensuring you only measure your hamster’s weight, not the container’s.
   Press the "tare" or "zero" button to reset the display.
2. Gently Place Your Hamster in the Container: Carefully scoop up your hamster and place them inside the container.
   Resist the urge to chase or force them; gentle encouragement is key.
   If needed, lure them in with a small treat.
3. Record the Weight: Once your hamster is settled (or at least still!), read the weight displayed on the scale.
   Write this number down in your notebook or app, along with the date.
4. Reward and Release: Immediately after recording the weight, remove your hamster from the container and offer praise or a small treat.
   This helps create positive associations with the weighing process.

Grams and Ounces: Decoding the Measurements

Scales often display weight in grams (g), which is the standard unit for measuring small animals. However, ounces (oz) might be more familiar to some.

To convert grams to ounces, remember that approximately 28 grams equals 1 ounce.

Knowing both measurements can be helpful for tracking weight changes and comparing them to breed standards.

For example, if your scale reads 50g, that’s roughly 1.76 ounces.

Weighing Frequency: How Often is Often Enough?

Weekly or bi-weekly weigh-ins are generally recommended for adult hamsters. This allows you to identify any sudden weight fluctuations that could indicate underlying health problems.

For baby hamsters, more frequent weigh-ins (every few days) may be necessary to monitor their growth.

Consistent weight tracking offers a baseline for your hamster’s health and enables early detection of any potential issues.

Minimizing Stress: Tips for a Happy Hamster

Some hamsters are naturally skittish and may find the weighing process stressful, even with the gentlest approach.

• Keep sessions short: A quick and efficient weigh-in minimizes stress.
• Use a familiar container: Using a container that smells like their cage or bedding can help them feel more secure.
• Weigh during their active hours: Avoid weighing them when they’re usually sleeping.
• Be patient and gentle: Never force or chase your hamster. If they’re too stressed, try again later.

By following these tips, you can make weighing your hamster a routine part of their care, ensuring they live a long and healthy life.

Understanding the Factors Influencing Hamster Weight

Just like us, hamsters aren’t immune to the whims of biology and environment. Several interwoven factors dictate whether your furry friend is thriving at a healthy weight, or teetering on the edge of being underweight or overweight. Understanding these core drivers puts you in a better position to proactively manage your hamster’s health. Let’s unpack the key influences.

The Genetic Lottery: Nature’s Blueprint

Genetics play a significant, often underestimated, role. Some hamster lines are simply predisposed to being larger or smaller than others. This is largely influenced by breeding practices.

Consider this: a hamster bred from larger-than-average parents might naturally be inclined towards a bigger build. Similarly, some genetic lines might be more susceptible to weight gain, irrespective of diet or exercise.

Knowing the breed-specific weight ranges provides a baseline, but also consider that individual genetics can cause slight variations. If your hamster deviates a bit from the ‘ideal’ but exhibits otherwise healthy behavior, genetics might be at play.

Life Stage: A Journey of Shifting Needs

A hamster’s weight journey is inextricably linked to its current life stage. From the rapid growth of a baby to the slowing metabolism of a senior, each phase demands a tailored approach to nutrition and care.

Baby Hamster: Fueling the Growth Spurt

Baby hamsters experience rapid growth, demanding a nutrient-rich diet to support their developing bodies. Monitor their weight closely during this period, ensuring they are steadily gaining.

Consult your vet or a hamster breeder to establish healthy weight expectations for baby hamsters.

Juvenile Hamster: Navigating Adolescence

As hamsters transition into adolescence, growth spurts can occur, leading to fluctuations in weight. Provide a balanced diet and plenty of opportunities for exercise to support healthy development during this stage.

Adult Hamster: Maintaining Equilibrium

In their prime, adult hamsters should maintain a stable weight. Consistent monitoring, coupled with a consistent routine, is vital to preventing unwanted weight changes. Watch for sudden gains or losses, as they could signal underlying health issues.

Senior Hamster: The Slowing Down

Senior hamsters often experience a decline in muscle mass and a slower metabolism, potentially leading to weight loss. Adjust their diet to include softer, more palatable foods and consult with your vet about supplements to support their nutritional needs. Don’t be alarmed by gradual weight loss in seniors, but always investigate sudden losses.

Diet and Nutrition: The Fuel in the Tank

Perhaps the most manageable influence is diet. The quality and quantity of food directly influence a hamster’s weight. An imbalanced diet, laden with sugary treats or lacking essential nutrients, can quickly lead to weight problems.

A well-formulated hamster pellet should form the core of their diet, supplemented with small portions of fresh vegetables and occasional healthy treats. Understanding portion control and avoiding harmful foods is key to maintaining a healthy weight. Be wary of overfeeding, as even healthy foods, when given in excess, can contribute to weight gain.

Nutrition for a Healthy Hamster: What to Feed and What to Avoid

Just like us, hamsters aren’t immune to the whims of biology and environment. Several interwoven factors dictate whether your furry friend is thriving at a healthy weight, or teetering on the edge of being underweight or overweight. Understanding these core drivers puts you in a better position to make informed choices and curate the perfect diet plan for your hamster.

Let’s dissect the world of hamster nutrition. It’s a surprisingly complex topic that can significantly impact your pet’s quality of life and longevity.

The Essential Nutrients: A Hamster’s Dietary Blueprint

A balanced diet is the cornerstone of a healthy hamster. Forget the image of them endlessly munching on seeds alone. Hamsters need a diverse intake of nutrients to thrive.

This includes the core building blocks: protein, carbohydrates, and fats. They also require a medley of vitamins and minerals.

These micronutrients are crucial for everything from maintaining a shiny coat to supporting a robust immune system. Let’s break it down:

• Protein: Vital for muscle development and repair. Think insects, mealworms (in moderation), or small amounts of cooked chicken.

• Carbohydrates: Provide energy for their active lifestyles. These primarily come from grains and vegetables.

• Fats: Essential for hormone production and absorbing certain vitamins. Found in seeds and nuts, but must be carefully controlled.

• Vitamins & Minerals: Support overall health and bodily functions. These are ideally obtained through a varied diet of vegetables and a high-quality pellet food.

Hamster Food Pellets: The Unsung Hero of Hamster Diets

Despite the temptation to shower your hamster with tasty treats, high-quality hamster food pellets should be the foundation of their diet. They are designed to provide a balanced mix of all the essential nutrients in each bite.

Always select a reputable brand that caters specifically to hamsters. Check the ingredient list. Look for a high fiber content and avoid excessive fillers or sugary additives.

Think of pellets as the nutritional safety net that ensures your hamster receives a consistent and complete diet. Supplementing with fresh foods is essential, but the pellets are the bedrock.

Supplementing with Fresh Foods: A Balancing Act

While pellets are essential, supplementing with fresh foods is what brings joy (and vital micronutrients) to your hamster’s diet.

However, moderation is key. These additions should only make up a small percentage of their daily intake to prevent digestive upset and nutritional imbalances.

Safe Options:

• Vegetables: Broccoli, cucumber, carrots, spinach. Introduce them slowly and in small quantities.

• Fruits: Apples (without seeds), bananas, blueberries. These are high in sugar, so offer sparingly.

• Seeds: Sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds (unsalted). Use these as occasional treats, as they are high in fat.

Unsafe Options:

• Citrus Fruits: Can be too acidic for their sensitive stomachs.

• Onions & Garlic: Toxic to hamsters.

• Chocolate: Highly toxic and should never be given.

• Raw Beans: Difficult to digest and can cause gas.

Always wash fresh produce thoroughly to remove any pesticides or contaminants. It’s also crucial to remove any uneaten fresh food within a few hours to prevent spoilage and bacterial growth.

Treats: The Pitfalls of Overindulgence

Let’s be honest, we all love spoiling our pets. However, when it comes to hamster treats, restraint is vital. Many commercially available hamster treats are loaded with sugar, artificial colors, and preservatives. These offer little to no nutritional value and can contribute to obesity, diabetes, and other health problems.

Instead, opt for healthier alternatives like small pieces of vegetables, a single unsalted sunflower seed, or a tiny portion of cooked, unseasoned grains.

Portion control is paramount. Treats should only be offered occasionally. Think of them as a special reward rather than a regular part of their diet.

Avoid sugary, processed treats like yogurt drops, honey sticks, and anything with added artificial sweeteners. Your hamster’s health is far more important than a fleeting moment of sugary bliss.

[Nutrition for a Healthy Hamster: What to Feed and What to Avoid
Just like us, hamsters aren’t immune to the whims of biology and environment. Several interwoven factors dictate whether your furry friend is thriving at a healthy weight, or teetering on the edge of being underweight or overweight. Understanding these core drivers puts you in a better position to recognize when something is amiss, and when to act. Here’s what to look for:]

Recognizing Weight Problems: Overweight and Underweight Hamsters

It’s easy to fall into the trap of thinking a chubby hamster is a cute hamster. Likewise, a bit of fur loss might seem normal with age. But, these seemingly innocuous signs could indicate a serious problem that needs your immediate attention. Knowing the subtle differences between a healthy hamster and one experiencing weight-related issues is paramount.

Spotting an Overweight Hamster: More Than Just Fluff

An overweight hamster isn’t just a "big-boned" hamster; it’s a hamster at risk. The primary sign is obvious: a general plumpness and difficulty moving.

They might waddle instead of run, struggle to groom themselves effectively, or even have visible rolls of fat, especially around the neck and abdomen.

Health Risks of Obesity in Hamsters

Don’t underestimate the dangers of obesity in these tiny creatures. Overweight hamsters are predisposed to a range of health issues, significantly impacting their quality of life and lifespan.

• Diabetes: Just like in humans, obesity increases the risk of diabetes in hamsters, leading to a host of complications.
• Heart Problems: Excess weight puts a strain on their tiny hearts, potentially leading to heart disease.
• Reduced Lifespan: Ultimately, obesity shortens a hamster’s life, robbing them of precious time with you.

Identifying an Underweight Hamster: A Cause for Concern

While a chubby hamster might elicit a chuckle, an underweight hamster is a serious cause for alarm. The telltale signs include visible bones, particularly along the spine and hips.

Their coat might appear sparse or dull, and they might exhibit a marked lack of energy, spending most of their time sleeping or hiding.

Health Risks Associated with Malnutrition

Malnutrition weakens the entire system, making your hamster vulnerable to various illnesses.

• Weakened Immune System: An underweight hamster has a compromised immune system, making them susceptible to infections.
• Organ Damage: Severe malnutrition can lead to organ damage, impacting their long-term health.
• Lethargy and Decreased Activity: The hamster might appear uninterested in play, exploration, or even eating.

The Impact of Illness and Growths on Hamster Weight

Weight fluctuations, both increases and decreases, can be indicators of underlying health problems. It’s not always as simple as overfeeding or underfeeding. Illnesses can drastically affect a hamster’s appetite and metabolism, leading to rapid weight loss.

• Tumors and Growths: Internal tumors can press on organs, causing discomfort and reducing appetite, leading to significant weight loss. The tumor itself can also contribute to weight gain, but often not in a healthy, muscular way.
• Infections: Bacterial or viral infections can cause inflammation and decreased appetite, resulting in weight loss.
• Dental Issues: Problems with their teeth can make it difficult for them to eat, leading to a decline in weight.

Ultimately, any sudden or significant change in your hamster’s weight, regardless of whether it’s a gain or a loss, should be investigated by a veterinarian experienced with small animals. It’s always better to be safe than sorry when it comes to your furry friend’s health. Your attentiveness can make all the difference in ensuring a long and happy life for your hamster.

Addressing Weight Issues: What to Do When Your Hamster’s Weight is Off

Just like us, hamsters aren’t immune to the whims of biology and environment. Several interwoven factors dictate whether your furry friend is thriving at a healthy weight, or teetering on the edge of being underweight or overweight. Understanding these core drivers puts you in a better position to intervene and steer them back towards a healthier path.

But what do you actually do when your hamster’s weight starts to deviate from the norm? It’s not as simple as putting them on a diet or forcing them to run more (though exercise is important). It’s about a holistic approach that considers veterinary expertise, dietary adjustments, and environmental enrichment.

Seeking Professional Veterinary Guidance

Let’s be blunt: Google is not a substitute for a qualified veterinarian. When you notice a significant weight change in your hamster, the first and most crucial step is to consult a vet. Not just any vet, mind you. Ideally, you want a vet who specializes in exotic animals or has considerable experience with small rodents.

Why is this so important? Because weight fluctuations can be symptoms of underlying health issues.

It could be anything from dental problems making it difficult to eat, to internal parasites robbing them of nutrients, or even more serious conditions like organ disease or tumors. A vet can perform a thorough examination, run diagnostic tests if needed, and provide an accurate diagnosis.

More importantly, they can develop a tailored treatment plan that addresses the root cause of the weight issue, rather than just masking the symptoms. Don’t delay seeking professional advice – early intervention is often key to a successful outcome.

Dietary Adjustments: A Careful Balancing Act

Once you’ve ruled out any underlying medical conditions, the next step is to assess your hamster’s diet.

Is it providing the right balance of nutrients?

Are you overfeeding them treats?

Are they getting enough variety?

The key here is portion control. Measure out their daily food allowance according to their breed and activity level. Avoid free-feeding, which can lead to overeating.

Also, consider the type of food you’re offering.

Opt for high-quality hamster pellets as the base of their diet. Supplement with small amounts of fresh vegetables and fruits, but be mindful of their sugar content.

And speaking of treats… moderation is paramount.

Many commercial hamster treats are loaded with sugar and unhealthy fats. Choose healthier options, such as small pieces of cooked chicken or a few sunflower seeds, and offer them sparingly. Remember, treats should only make up a small percentage of their overall diet.

Boosting Activity Levels with Environmental Enrichment

Hamsters are naturally active creatures, and a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to weight gain. Providing plenty of opportunities for exercise is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight.

Creative Enrichment Ideas

This doesn’t just mean a running wheel (though a good quality, appropriately sized wheel is essential). Think about ways to enrich their environment and encourage them to move around.

• Larger Enclosure: Give them ample space to explore.
• Multiple Levels: Add platforms and climbing structures.
• Tunnels and Hideouts: Create a stimulating and engaging environment.
• Scatter Feeding: Instead of placing all their food in a bowl, scatter it around the cage to encourage foraging behavior.
• Supervised Playtime: Let them explore a safe, hamster-proofed area outside their cage under your supervision.

The Importance of Gradual Changes

Finally, remember that any dietary or lifestyle changes should be implemented gradually. Drastic changes can disrupt your hamster’s digestive system and cause unnecessary stress.

Introduce new foods slowly, mixing them with their old food over several days. Similarly, gradually increase their activity levels to avoid overexertion. Patience and consistency are key to helping your hamster achieve and maintain a healthy weight.

Preventative Care: Monitoring and Maintaining a Healthy Weight

Addressing Weight Issues: What to Do When Your Hamster’s Weight is Off
Just like us, hamsters aren’t immune to the whims of biology and environment. Several interwoven factors dictate whether your furry friend is thriving at a healthy weight, or teetering on the edge of being underweight or overweight. Understanding these core drivers puts you in a… proactive position.

That’s where preventative care comes in. It’s not just about reacting to a problem; it’s about creating the conditions for your hamster to thrive and avoid those problems in the first place. Proactive monitoring, attentive observation, and a thoughtfully designed environment are the cornerstones of this approach.

The Power of Regular Weight Checks

Imagine trying to navigate a ship without a compass. Regular weight checks are your hamster’s compass, guiding you toward a healthy course. They allow you to identify trends early.

This is before a minor fluctuation turns into a major problem. So how do you turn routine weigh-ins into reliable data?

Frequency and Consistency

Aim for weekly weigh-ins. This is a sweet spot that provides enough data to spot trends without stressing your hamster too much. Pick a consistent day and time to minimize variables. Consistency yields better data.

Recording and Analyzing

Don’t just weigh your hamster and forget about it. Keep a record! A simple spreadsheet with dates and weights is all you need. Graphing this data can make trends even more obvious.

Look for gradual increases or decreases that might indicate a developing issue. A sudden, drastic change always warrants a vet visit.

Observing Behavior and Physical Condition

Weight is just one piece of the puzzle. A keen observer notices changes beyond the numbers on a scale. Pay close attention to your hamster’s daily habits and physical appearance.

Behavioral Clues

Is your hamster eating less or more than usual?
Are they lethargic, or have they stopped grooming?
Are they sleeping more or less?
Changes in these behaviors can signal underlying health problems that affect weight. A seemingly small shift can be a red flag, urging you to dig deeper.

Physical Indicators

Run your eyes over your hamster daily.
Does their fur look healthy and well-maintained?
Can you easily feel their ribs, or are they hidden beneath excessive fat?
Are there any unusual lumps or bumps?
Weight loss coupled with fur loss can signal illness. Conversely, difficulty moving around might indicate obesity. Be alert to these signs.

The Optimal Environment: Housing and Enrichment

A hamster’s environment plays a massive role in their overall health and weight. A cramped cage with nothing to do is a recipe for obesity and boredom. A spacious, enriching habitat encourages activity and well-being.

Cage Size Matters

The bigger, the better. A larger cage provides more space for your hamster to run, explore, and exercise. This is a direct counter to sedentary lifestyles that contribute to weight gain. Prioritize horizontal space for running. Aim for the largest cage you can reasonably accommodate.

Enrichment is Essential

A wheel is a must-have. Choose a solid-surface wheel to prevent foot injuries. Add tunnels, hideouts, and chew toys. Scatter food to encourage foraging behavior. Regular interaction and playtime outside the cage is key! Rotate toys regularly to maintain interest.

A stimulated hamster is an active hamster. An active hamster is much more likely to maintain a healthy weight.

So, there you have it! Now you have a good idea of what to expect when it comes to the size and, most importantly, how much a hamster weighs for different breeds. Remember, these are just averages, and every little hamster is an individual. Enjoy your tiny, furry friend!