What Time Was Jesus Resurrected? Biblical Time

The biblical accounts surrounding the resurrection of Jesus Christ offer diverse insights into the events of that pivotal morning, yet the precise moment of His return remains a subject of theological discussion. The Gospel of Mark notes that the women visited the tomb "very early" on the first day of the week, a detail often interpreted through the lens of Jewish timekeeping which reckoned days from evening to evening. Determining what time was Jesus resurrected necessitates careful examination of these scriptural narratives and their historical context. Meanwhile, scholars like Dr. William Lane Craig have dedicated significant research to understanding the nuances of the Resurrection narratives, exploring various interpretations of the available textual evidence to reconcile the apparent discrepancies and offer potential answers to the question of what time was Jesus resurrected.

Understanding the Central Figure: Jesus Christ and the Resurrection

At the heart of Christian faith stands the figure of Jesus Christ, his life, death, and, most significantly, his Resurrection. To grasp the profound implications of the Resurrection, one must first understand the context of Jesus’ earthly existence and his teachings. This understanding provides the necessary foundation upon which the entire edifice of Christian theology is built.

The Life, Ministry, and Death of Jesus Christ

Jesus of Nazareth, born in humble circumstances, lived a life marked by extraordinary compassion and profound spiritual insight. His ministry, primarily centered in Galilee, involved teaching in synagogues, healing the sick, and performing miracles that challenged the natural order.

He proclaimed the coming of the Kingdom of God and called for a radical transformation of the human heart. His teachings, often delivered through parables, emphasized love, forgiveness, and a deep commitment to social justice.

However, Jesus’ message and actions threatened the established religious and political authorities. He was ultimately arrested, tried, and condemned to death by crucifixion, a brutal and humiliating form of execution reserved for criminals and enemies of the state.

Jesus’ Life and Teachings: A Lens for Understanding the Resurrection

Understanding the Resurrection requires viewing it through the lens of Jesus’ life and teachings. His consistent claims to divine authority, his pronouncements about his future suffering and vindication, and his radical reinterpretation of the Law all point towards the possibility of a reality that transcends human limitations.

The Resurrection, therefore, cannot be seen as an isolated event, but as the culmination of Jesus’ entire earthly mission. It is the ultimate validation of his claims and the definitive proof of his victory over sin and death. Without understanding the depth of his message and the nature of his sacrifice, the Resurrection remains a mere historical curiosity, devoid of its transformative power.

Defining the Resurrection: Rising from the Dead

The Resurrection, in its simplest terms, refers to the act of rising from the dead. It signifies a return to life after death, a reversal of the natural order. However, within the Christian context, the Resurrection of Jesus Christ holds a far deeper significance.

It is not merely a resuscitation, a return to mortal life, but a transformation into a glorified, immortal state.

This understanding is crucial because it separates the Christian concept of resurrection from other similar notions found in various mythologies and religious traditions.

The Central Importance of the Resurrection in Christian Theology

The Resurrection is not simply one doctrine among many; it is the cornerstone of Christian theology. The apostle Paul declared that if Christ has not been raised, then Christian faith is futile (1 Corinthians 15:14).

This statement underscores the Resurrection’s indispensable role in the Christian worldview. It provides the foundation for hope, the promise of eternal life, and the assurance of God’s ultimate triumph over evil.

Moreover, the Resurrection forms the basis for Christian ethics. If death is not the end, but rather a transition to a new and glorious existence, then the way we live our lives in this world takes on eternal significance. The call to love, forgive, and serve others becomes not just a moral imperative, but a participation in the resurrected life of Christ.

In conclusion, understanding the central figure of Jesus Christ, his life, ministry, death, and, above all, his Resurrection, is essential for comprehending the core tenets of Christian faith. The Resurrection is not merely a historical event; it is a transformative reality that shapes the Christian worldview, provides hope for the future, and calls for a radical reorientation of life in the present.

The Evidence Examined: Unveiling the Empty Tomb and Gospel Narratives

Having considered the central role of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Resurrection, it is crucial to turn our attention to the evidence often presented in support of this pivotal event. The historical and theological weight of the Resurrection rests significantly on two primary pillars: the Empty Tomb and the Gospel narratives. Examining these elements with both critical analysis and respectful consideration allows for a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances surrounding the Resurrection account.

The Empty Tomb: A Silent Testimony

The discovery of an empty tomb on the Sunday following Jesus’ crucifixion stands as a cornerstone of the Resurrection narrative. The absence of Jesus’ body presents a profound challenge to those seeking to understand the events of that morning. It begs the question: what happened to the body of Jesus?

Interpretations of the Empty Tomb

Various explanations have been offered to account for the empty tomb. One perspective suggests that Jesus was indeed resurrected, and his body was transformed, leaving the tomb empty. This is, of course, the traditional Christian belief.

Another explanation suggests that the body was stolen, either by Jesus’ followers attempting to fabricate a resurrection narrative, or by Roman or Jewish authorities seeking to prevent veneration of the site.

Yet another theory proposes that the disciples simply went to the wrong tomb, or that the location of the tomb was misremembered.

Each of these explanations carries its own implications and challenges, requiring careful consideration of the historical and cultural context.

Addressing Objections to the Empty Tomb

Skeptics often raise objections to the reliability of the Empty Tomb narrative. Some argue that the accounts were embellished over time, or that the witnesses were unreliable.

Others point to inconsistencies in the Gospel accounts as evidence of fabrication or legendary development.

However, it’s important to acknowledge that differences in perspective and emphasis are common in eyewitness accounts, and do not necessarily invalidate the core claim of the empty tomb.

Furthermore, the fact that the tomb was reportedly discovered by women, whose testimony was often discounted in first-century Jewish society, lends a degree of credibility to the narrative, as it is unlikely that early Christians would have invented such a detail.

Gospel Accounts: A Symphony of Perspectives

The Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John each provide accounts of the Resurrection, offering unique perspectives and details.

Analyzing these narratives requires careful attention to both their similarities and differences, seeking to understand the underlying message and historical context.

Similarities in the Gospel Narratives

Despite their variations, the Gospel accounts share several key similarities. They all agree that the tomb was found empty on the first day of the week. They also agree that women were among the first to discover the empty tomb. Most importantly, they all agree that Jesus appeared to his disciples after his death, demonstrating that he had overcome death.

These common threads provide a consistent foundation for the Resurrection narrative, suggesting a shared understanding of the core events.

Differences in the Gospel Narratives

While the Gospels agree on the fundamental facts of the Resurrection, they differ in certain details. The number and identity of the women who visited the tomb vary across the accounts. The specific words spoken by the angels (or angel) in the tomb also differ. The accounts of Jesus’ appearances to his disciples vary in terms of location and timing.

Reasons for Variations

These variations can be attributed to several factors. Each Gospel writer had a unique perspective and purpose in writing their account.

They may have emphasized different aspects of the story based on their intended audience. They may have also had access to different sources of information.

Understanding these factors allows for a more nuanced reading of the Gospel accounts, recognizing that they offer complementary, rather than contradictory, perspectives on the Resurrection.

In conclusion, the Empty Tomb and the Gospel narratives provide compelling evidence for the Resurrection, inviting thoughtful consideration and careful analysis. While objections and variations exist, examining the evidence with a critical yet respectful approach allows for a deeper appreciation of the historical and theological significance of this central event in Christian faith.

Time and Place: Contextualizing the Resurrection within Biblical History

Having considered the central role of Jesus Christ and the concept of the Resurrection, it is crucial to turn our attention to the evidence often presented in support of this pivotal event. The historical and theological weight of the Resurrection rests significantly not only on the narratives themselves but also on their grounding in the specific time and place in which they occurred. Examining the methods of time-keeping, the significance of the day, and the details of the burial site provides essential context. This context allows for a deeper understanding of the events and their impact on early Christian belief.

Understanding Biblical Time

To accurately interpret the Gospel accounts, it’s essential to understand how time was perceived and measured in first-century Judea. Their system differed significantly from our modern methods. This is crucial for grasping the sequence of events surrounding the crucifixion and Resurrection.

Divisions of the Day

The day was primarily divided based on the rising and setting of the sun. Instead of fixed hours, they used terms like "the third hour," "the sixth hour," and "the ninth hour," which corresponded roughly to 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 3:00 p.m., respectively.

The Gospels frequently reference these divisions. For example, the crucifixion is often said to have occurred around the sixth hour. These references help establish a timeline, albeit one that requires some interpretation in modern terms. Understanding this imprecise system of time-keeping is crucial to aligning the events recorded.

Calendars of the Period

The Jewish calendar was lunisolar. This means it was based on both the cycles of the moon and the sun. This calendar played a vital role in determining religious festivals and observances, including Passover.

Passover, with its fixed date on the Jewish calendar, provides a key anchor for understanding the timing of the Resurrection. The Gospels clearly place the crucifixion within the Passover timeframe. Aligning these events is a central task for biblical scholars and historians. The timing of Passover is essential for synchronizing the events.

The First Day of the Week (Sunday)

The Resurrection is consistently reported to have occurred on the first day of the week, which we now call Sunday. This fact is more than a simple detail. This choice of day carried profound implications for the early Christian community and its evolving practices.

The Shift from Sabbath to Sunday

In Judaism, the Sabbath (Saturday) was the day of rest and worship, commemorating God’s rest after creation. However, early Christians began to gather and worship on Sunday. This shift marked a significant departure from Jewish tradition.

This transition, though gradual, signaled a profound reorientation. The Resurrection became the central event to celebrate on the first day of the week. This commemorated the new creation inaugurated by Christ.

Reasons for the Shift: The Resurrection’s Impact

The most compelling explanation for the shift to Sunday worship is the Resurrection itself. By celebrating on Sunday, early Christians were specifically commemorating the day Christ rose from the dead. It affirmed their belief that Christ had conquered death.

This act became a central tenet of their faith. It was a weekly celebration of hope and new life.

This new practice distinguished them from their Jewish counterparts. This highlighted their unique identity as followers of the resurrected Christ.

The Tomb (Joseph’s Tomb)

The location of Jesus’ burial is also an important element in the Resurrection narrative. According to the Gospels, Jesus was buried in a tomb donated by Joseph of Arimathea. Joseph was a wealthy and influential member of the Sanhedrin.

Significance of Joseph of Arimathea

Joseph’s act of providing a tomb for Jesus is significant for several reasons. It fulfills prophecies concerning the Messiah’s burial.

It also provides a concrete detail that could be verified by those familiar with Jerusalem at the time. Joseph’s status as a member of the Sanhedrin lends credibility to the account.

This is because he was a respected figure who would have been known to many. This detail adds another layer of plausibility to the Gospel narratives.

Archaeological Considerations

While there is no definitive archaeological evidence confirming the exact location of Joseph’s tomb, the existence of rock-cut tombs from that period is well-established. These tombs were common burial places for wealthy families in Jerusalem.

Some believe the Church of the Holy Sepulchre marks the traditional site of the tomb. Others suggest the Garden Tomb as a possible location. The debate continues.

Regardless of the precise location, the concept of a tomb hewn from rock aligns with the historical and archaeological context of first-century Jerusalem. Understanding the time, the day, and the burial context enhances our appreciation for the historical underpinnings of the Resurrection narrative. This appreciation provides a framework for further exploration and reflection.

Key Witnesses: Exploring the Testimonies of Those Who Saw the Risen Christ

Having established the historical and temporal context surrounding the Resurrection, it’s imperative to examine the accounts of those who claimed to have witnessed the risen Christ. These testimonies form a cornerstone of the Christian faith, and a thorough analysis is essential to understanding their significance. Let’s delve into the narratives surrounding Mary Magdalene, Peter and John, and the collective appearance stories documented in the Gospels.

Mary Magdalene: First Witness to the Risen Lord

Mary Magdalene holds a unique position as the first recorded witness to the resurrected Jesus. Her presence at the tomb and her subsequent encounter with Jesus are detailed in all four Gospels, albeit with varying nuances.

Analysis of Her Initial Encounter

John’s Gospel offers the most detailed account, depicting Mary weeping at the empty tomb. She initially mistakes Jesus for the gardener.

However, upon hearing her name spoken by Jesus, she recognizes him. This poignant exchange underscores the personal nature of the encounter and suggests a pre-existing bond between Mary and Jesus.

Significance of Being the First Witness

The choice of Mary Magdalene as the first witness is noteworthy, particularly considering the societal norms of the time. In first-century Jewish society, the testimony of women was often considered less credible than that of men.

Therefore, Jesus appearing first to Mary Magdalene challenges these cultural biases. It highlights the inclusivity and revolutionary nature of Jesus’ message. It validates the worth and importance of every individual, regardless of gender or societal status.

Furthermore, Mary Magdalene’s role demonstrates God’s unconventional wisdom in choosing the unexpected and marginalized to bear witness to profound truths.

Peter (Simon Peter) and John (the Apostle): Investigating the Empty Tomb

The Gospels also detail the actions of Peter and John upon hearing Mary Magdalene’s report of the empty tomb. They raced to the tomb to see for themselves, each with their unique reaction to the unfolding events.

Contrasting Reactions at the Empty Tomb

John arrives at the tomb first but hesitates to enter. Peter, more impetuous, enters without delay.

John then enters after Peter and records that he saw the linen cloths lying there and believed (John 20:8).

Peter’s response is less explicitly stated, but his subsequent actions suggest a growing understanding of the events.

These contrasting reactions offer a glimpse into the different personalities of the apostles. It underscores the individual journeys of faith within the larger community of believers.

Their Later Roles in Spreading the Message

Both Peter and John became central figures in the early Christian church, boldly proclaiming the Resurrection despite facing persecution and opposition. Peter’s leadership is evident in the book of Acts, where he emerges as a powerful spokesperson for the Christian message.

John is traditionally credited with writing the Gospel of John, three epistles, and the Book of Revelation, all of which attest to his unwavering belief in the risen Christ. Their transformed lives testify to the profound impact of the Resurrection.

Appearance Stories: Verifying the Reality of the Resurrection

Beyond Mary Magdalene, Peter, and John, the Gospels and other New Testament writings record several instances of Jesus appearing to various individuals and groups after his Resurrection. These appearance stories serve to solidify the reality of the Resurrection and to commission the disciples to spread the Gospel.

Listing the Different Accounts

The appearance stories include:

• The disciples on the road to Emmaus (Luke 24:13-35).

• The gathering of the disciples (without Thomas) (John 20:19-25).

• The gathering of the disciples (with Thomas) (John 20:26-29).

• The appearance to over 500 people at one time (1 Corinthians 15:6).

• The appearance to James (1 Corinthians 15:7).

These diverse accounts, spread across different texts, offer varied perspectives on the resurrected Jesus and his interactions with his followers.

Purpose and Significance of the Appearances

The appearances served several key purposes. They offered concrete proof of the Resurrection, dispelling doubts and fears among the disciples. The appearances provided opportunities for Jesus to reaffirm his teachings, commission his followers, and prepare them for their future ministry.

They demonstrate the tangible and transformative reality of the Resurrection. It’s a pivotal event that continues to shape the lives and beliefs of Christians worldwide.

Thematic Connections: Resurrection in Light of the Passion

Having explored the testimonies of witnesses and the historical backdrop, it becomes crucial to understand the thematic tapestry woven between the Resurrection and the events leading up to it. The Resurrection cannot be fully appreciated in isolation; it gains profound significance when contextualized within the Passion narrative. The Crucifixion, Passover, and Jerusalem all serve as vital threads in understanding the transformative power of the Resurrection.

The Indelible Link to the Crucifixion

The Crucifixion and the Resurrection are inextricably linked. To fully grasp the meaning of the Resurrection, one must understand the event that preceded it. The Crucifixion was not simply an execution; it was a sacrifice. The Resurrection serves as the ultimate validation of Jesus’ claims and teachings.

Validation of Jesus’ Claims

Jesus’ ministry was punctuated with bold pronouncements about his divine nature and his role as the Messiah. The Resurrection provided irrefutable evidence that his claims were not mere delusions or empty promises. It served as God’s affirmation of Jesus’ identity.

Fulfillment of Prophecy

The Old Testament is replete with prophecies concerning the Messiah’s suffering, death, and ultimate triumph. Isaiah 53, for example, vividly depicts the Messiah as a suffering servant.

The Resurrection fulfilled these ancient prophecies, demonstrating that Jesus was indeed the promised Messiah, whose victory over death was foretold.

Spiritual Significance

Christian theology views the Crucifixion as an act of atonement. Jesus, through his death on the cross, paid the penalty for humanity’s sins. The Resurrection signifies God’s acceptance of this sacrifice and opens the door to reconciliation between God and humanity. It is through the Resurrection that believers are offered the hope of eternal life and forgiveness of sins.

Passover: A Shadow Pointing to the Substance

The timing of Jesus’ death and Resurrection during the Passover season is no coincidence. Passover, a Jewish festival commemorating the Israelites’ exodus from slavery in Egypt, holds deep symbolic significance.

Jesus as the Lamb of God

In the Passover narrative, a lamb is sacrificed, and its blood is used to protect the Israelites from the angel of death. Jesus is often referred to as the "Lamb of God" who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). His sacrifice on the cross mirrors the Passover lamb, providing deliverance not from physical slavery, but from the bondage of sin and death.

Historical Context

Understanding the historical context of Passover at the time of Jesus sheds light on the events of Holy Week. Jerusalem would have been overflowing with pilgrims, creating an atmosphere of heightened anticipation and religious fervor.

This influx of people also created a volatile political environment, with the Roman authorities keenly aware of the potential for unrest. The events surrounding Jesus’ arrest, trial, and execution must be understood within this context.

Jerusalem: The Stage for Redemption

Jerusalem served as the focal point for the events of Holy Week, due to its religious and political significance. The city was the heart of Jewish religious life.

Religious and Political Significance

The Temple, located in Jerusalem, was the center of Jewish worship and sacrifice. The Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, held considerable power in the city, but its authority was ultimately subject to Roman rule. This tension between Jewish and Roman authority played a significant role in the events leading up to Jesus’ crucifixion.

The Events of Holy Week

Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem, his cleansing of the Temple, and his final meal with his disciples all took place within the city walls. These events, combined with the political tensions, created a powder keg that ultimately exploded with Jesus’ arrest and crucifixion. Jerusalem became the stage on which the drama of redemption unfolded.

So, while the Bible doesn’t give us an exact minute-by-minute account, looking at the context of the Gospels, it seems most likely that what time was Jesus resurrected was sometime before dawn on that first Easter Sunday. It’s less about the precise hour and more about the profound impact of that miraculous morning!